<!--PubDATE: 2/1/2001 12:48:00 AM--><!--TODAY: 12/18/2018 9:39:31 PM--><!--CurrURL: https://explorer.aapg.org/story--><!--ArticleTextLength = 5442--><!--calcArticleTextLength2 = Shell
Oil's Pecten explored on 23 risk contract blocks in nine onshore
and offshore basins in Brazil from 1976 to 1990. A total of 27
wildcats and six development wells were drilled on 13 blocks.

Combining the cost of 43,000 kilometers of seismic surveys with
wildcat drilling, Pecten spent $220 million net. Including partners
costs, total exploration expenditures were $386 million.

Merluza Field in the Santos Basin (figure
1) was first indicated in 1979 by a wildcat that encountered
gas shows while drilling. Two other discoveries were made in the
offshore Brahia and Potiguar basins during 1979 and 1982, but
were non-commercial.

Persistent belief that the Santos Basin held good exploration
opportunities led to the drilling of two more wells that confirmed
Merluza as an economic discovery. Geological and geophysical studies,
these two more wells and lengthy negotiations with partners and
Petrobras led to development of Merluza Field in the late 1980s.

On
the basis of the 2-D seismic survey conducted by Petrobras, risk
contract blocks were acquired in the Santos Basin in 1978 under
the direction of Larry Gordon, Pecten's new ventures manager.

The seismic survey disclosed a number of north-south trending,
salt cored Cretaceous anticlines, with amplitudes increasing down
dip from west to east. One of the largest structures was 14 kilometers
long and three kilometers wide, with 220 meters of vertical closure.
This Lower Cretaceous prospect, named Merluza, covered 29 square
kilometers. 

In 1979 the Merluza prospect was tested by wildcat SPS-11 on block
ACS 14, acquired by Pecten/Shell/Marathon. The location was on
the fold axis three kilometers north of the crest of the Merluza
structure. It drilled through Tertiary and Cretaceous clastics
into Albian Guaruja limestone below 5,000 meters (figure
2)

While
drilling, a thin gas zone was recognized in an Upper Cretaceous
shallow-marine sandstone. A gas show also was indicated in a Turonian
sandstone. A strong water flow from the deep Lower Cretaceous
limestone forced abandonment without logs or tests being run.

In 1982 after geologic and geophysical review and with partner's
agreement, the SPS-21 was drilled four kilometers south of the
SPS-11, very near the deep crest of the Merluza structure. It
found the thin shallow-marine sandstone, but not the deeper Turonian
sandstone -- and partners lost interest and withdrew from the
contract.

Pecten
geologist Seymore Sharps interpreted from sample studies that
the Turonian Lower Itajai sandstone interval with a gas show in
the SPS-11 was of turbidite origin. Structural restorations indicated
that during Turonian time the Merluza salt pillow grew by sediment
loading on the flanks.

The crest was eroded and Lower Itajai turbidite sandstones onlapped
the north half of the structure, causing the absence of the turbidite
sand in SPS-21 on the crest (figure
3).

Pecten geophysicists Bill Elbel and Tom Baird mapped a high amplitude
reflection tentatively tied to the turbidite gas sand interval
in the SPS-11. This strong reflection expanded down the north
plunge of the anticline from the area between the SPS-21 and the
SPS-11.

They interpreted the thickness of the porous sand, which gave
rise to this reflection.

Next, a recommendation was prepared under the direction of Richard
Gardell and Jack Edwards to drill a third well on the Merluza
prospect. 

During 1984 Pecten, acting alone, drilled the SPS-20 three kilometers
north of the first well (SPS-11) on the fold axis, within closure,
but well down the north plunge. SPS-20 was a gas condensate discovery
in the Itajai turbidite with 26 meters (86 feet) of pay with 20
percent porosity.

During 1985-86, Pecten conducted additional geologic studies by
Sharps and Patricia Santigrossi. Geophysical analysis of reprocessed
seismic data (by Elbel, supervised by Baird) resulted in excellent
ties with the well log synthetics. This seismic data was used
to map the Turonian reservoir thickness and extent.

This work increased confidence in the porosity -- thickness geometry
of the reservoir beyond the economic threshold of gas volume needed
to proceed with development.

While
exploration studies and economic evaluation continued, discussions
with Petrobras took place to formulate a gas contract.

The original risk contract did not contain a gas development clause.
These discussions were led by Phil Jensen, Bruce Bernard and Fred
MacDougal of Pecten, and Luis Reis of Petrobras.

Pecten and Petrobras eventually agreed to a development plan,
and from 1986 to 1990 six development wells were drilled based
on the seismically mapped reservoir geometry.

A production platform and a 100-mile pipeline to shore was constructed.
Commercial production was established in May 1993 and gas began
to flow to Sao Palo, Brazil. The Merluza field operation was turned
over to Petrobras in accordance with the risk contract. 

Merluza has produced an average of 60 million cubic feet of gas
and 3,000 barrels of condensate per day. The original estimated
ultimate recovery for Merluza Field was 300 billion cubic feet
of gas plus 11 million barrels of oil. 

Subsequently Petrobras has discovered four oil and gas fields
in Lower Cretaceous limestones in the southern part of the Santos
Basin. Pecten had drilled one of these blocks and decided not
to test or complete the well because of the 2000-ppm H2S content
of the gas in this offshore location.--><!--RelatedArticlesNum = 4--><!-- DAYSLIMIT: 10000--><!-- testmode: --><!-- RecordType: Article--><!--FILENAME: e:\webs\DNN_AAPG_Production_8_5\Portals\0\PackFlashItemImages\WebReady\if-its-shale-its-probably-a-play-hero.jpg--><!-- RecordType: Article--><!--FILENAME: e:\webs\DNN_AAPG_Production_8_5\Portals\0\PackFlashItemImages\WebReady\erc-2019-paratethys-petroleum-systems-hero.jpg--><!-- RecordType: Article--><!--FILENAME: e:\webs\DNN_AAPG_Production_8_5\Portals\0\PackFlashItemImages\WebReady\evolution-of-shelf-margin-clinoforms-and.jpg--><!-- RecordType: Article--><!--FILENAME: e:\webs\DNN_AAPG_Production_8_5\Portals\0\PackFlashItemImages\WebReady\12dec-sponsored-save-the-date-appex-hero.jpg-->

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	Santos Finds Took Some Time
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				<h1 class="h1 col-sm-12" data-ct="Explorer Wildcat Recollections Column">Santos Finds Took Some Time  </h1>
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div.pf_comments_headline { color: #F7941E; height: auto; padding: 5px 5px 0; font-size: 23px; font-weight: bold; }

.pf_comments_headline, .pf_comments_comment, .pf_comments_dateAndAuthor { background: #F3F3F4; }

.pf_comments_comment { padding: 0 5px; }

.pf_comments_dateAndAuthor { margin: 0 0 5px 0; display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding: 0 5px 5px; }

div.pf_comments_date, div.pf_comments_author { font-size: 14px; font-weight: 300; }

/* Threading */
.pf_comments_thread { border-bottom: solid 1px #5A5B5D;  }
.pf_comments_thread_hr { color: #ccc; background-color: #ffffff; border: none; }

/* Paging */
.PagingTable { border: solid 1px #5A5B5D; background-color: #ffffff; }
.PagingTable .Normal, .PagingTable .NormalDisabled {  color: #505050; }
.PagingTable a.CommandButton { color: #1D414D;  }

p.pf_comments_view_link a {
	display: block;
	font-size: 13px;
	padding: 5px 10px;
	background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #828385;	
	color: #fff;
}

/******************     
*     TEASER      *
******************/
.pf_comments_teaser_link a { color: #1D414D;  }
.pf_comments_teaser {border: solid 1px #5A5B5D; background-color: #ffffff;}


#commentFormContainer {
padding: 20px;
}
.pf_comments_form {
    width: 100%;
    margin: 0;
}

.pf_comments_comment_container.alt:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #fff !important;
}

.more {
    display:none;
}

a.readmorebtn {
    cursor:pointer;
}

a.show-more {
    background: #61a63a none repeat scroll 0 0;
    color: #fff;
    display: inline-block;
    font-size: 12px;
    margin: 5px 0 0;
    padding: 2px 5px;
    text-transform: uppercase;
}

a.show-more:hover {
    background: #f7941e none repeat scroll 0 0;
}

.show-more-snippet {
    height:90px;  /*this is set to the height of the how much text you want to show based on the font size, line height, etc*/
    width:100%;
    overflow:hidden;
	position: relative;
}

.livetabssmoothness .fade:after {
		position: relative;
        content: '';
        display: block;
        position: absolute;
        bottom: 0;
        left: 0;
        height: 100%;
        width: 100%;
        background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%, rgba(243, 243, 244,0)), color-stop(100%, rgba(229, 234, 237,1)));
        background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgba(243, 243, 244,0) 0%, rgba(229, 234, 237,1) 100%);
        background:    -moz-linear-gradient(top, rgba(243, 243, 244,0) 0%, rgba(229, 234, 237,1) 100%);
        background:     -ms-linear-gradient(top, rgba(243, 243, 244,0) 0%, rgba(229, 234, 237,1) 100%);
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        background:         linear-gradient(top, rgba(243, 243, 244,0) 0%, rgba(229, 234, 237,1) 100%);
    }

div.livetabssmoothness .explorer-articles .litImage, div.livetabssmoothness .events-listings .litImage {
    float: left;
    margin: 0 2% 0 0;
    max-width: 118px;
    min-height: 118px;
    width: 18%;
}
div.livetabssmoothness .explorer-articles .text, div.livetabssmoothness .events-listings .text {
    float: left;
    height: auto;
    margin: 0 0 15px; 
    width: 80%;
}


.alt:nth-child(even) .fade:after {
		position: relative;
        content: '';
        display: block;
        position: absolute;
        bottom: 0;
        left: 0;
        height: 100%;
        width: 100%;
        background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%, rgba(235,235,235,0)), color-stop(100%, rgba(235,235,235,1)));
        background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgba(235,235,235,0) 0%,rgba(235,235,235,1) 100%);
        background:    -moz-linear-gradient(top, rgba(235,235,235,0) 0%, rgba(235,235,235,1) 100%);
        background:     -ms-linear-gradient(top, rgba(235,235,235,0) 0%, rgba(235,235,235,1) 100%);
        background:      -o-linear-gradient(top, rgba(235,235,235,0) 0%, rgba(235,235,235,1) 100%);
        background:         linear-gradient(top, rgba(235,235,235,0) 0%, rgba(235,235,235,1) 100%);
    }

.alt:nth-child(odd) .fade:after {
		position: relative;
        content: '';
        display: block;
        position: absolute;
        bottom: 0;
        left: 0;
        height: 100%;
        width: 100%;
        background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%, rgba(255,255,255,0)), color-stop(100%, rgba(255,255,255,1)));
        background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);
        background:    -moz-linear-gradient(top, rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%, rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);
        background:     -ms-linear-gradient(top, rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%, rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);
        background:      -o-linear-gradient(top, rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%, rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);
        background:         linear-gradient(top, rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%, rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%);
    }

.Left8Pane .list-with-images .litImage .image-overlay, 
.Left9Pane .list-with-images .litImage .image-overlay, 
.plus4 .image-overlay 
{
	display: block;
    height: 60px;
    position: absolute;
    width: 60px;
	background-size: 65px 65px !important;
}


.image-overlay.Closed {
    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url("https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_icons/event-closed-overlay.png") repeat scroll 0 0;
}
.image-overlay.New.Location {
    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url("https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_icons/event-newlocaton-overlay.png") repeat scroll 0 0;
}
.image-overlay.New.Date {
    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url("https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_icons/event-newdate-overlay.png") repeat scroll 0 0;
}
.image-overlay.Updated {
    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url("https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_icons/event-updated-overlay.png") repeat scroll 0 0;
}

/* jQuery.Rating Plugin CSS - http://www.fyneworks.com/jquery/star-rating/ */
div.rating-cancel,div.star-rating{float:left;width:17px;height:15px;text-indent:-999em;cursor:pointer;display:block;background:transparent;overflow:hidden;}
/*div.rating-cancel,div.rating-cancel a{background:url(delete.gif) no-repeat 0 -16px}*/
div.star-rating,div.star-rating a{background:url(https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/star.gif) no-repeat 0 0px;}
div.rating-cancel a,div.star-rating a{display:block;width:16px;height:100%;background-position:0 0px;border:0;}
div.star-rating-on a{background-position:0 -16px !important;}
div.star-rating-hover a{background-position:0 -32px;}
/* Read Only CSS */
div.star-rating-readonly a{cursor:default !important;}
/* Partial Star CSS */
div.star-rating{background:transparent !important;overflow:hidden !important;}
/* END jQuery.Rating Plugin CSS */


.Left8Pane .col-sm-12, .Left9Pane .col-sm-12 {
float: none;
padding-left: 0;
padding-right: 0;
}

</style>


<div data-cid="dnn_ctr12565_Comments_UPcomments_UP" class="col-sm-12">
	<div data-cid="dnn_ctr12565_Comments_UPcomments">
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			<div data-cid="dnn_ctr12565_Comments_commentParentContainer" class="pf_comment_container">
			
				<a data-cid="dnn_ctr12565_Comments_linkReturn"></a><a href="tbvfcwcyxttsuytuxsewtyrttestatuayfffsc.html" style="display: none;" rel="file" id="rfadsvssaadcws">vwxcwbfwezvufzavz</a>
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				<div data-cid="dnn_ctr12565_Comments_pnlCommentLinks">
					<p class="pf_comments_view_link">
						<a id="login_to_submit_a_comment">
						Log in to Submit a Comment
						</a>
					</p>
				</div>
				<!-- Comments Form End -->

				<!-- Comments List Begin -->
				<div data-cid="dnn_ctr12565_Comments_pnlCommentList">
					<div id="log" style="clear: both;">
						<div id="CommentProgress" style="display:none;" role="status">
							<img src="/images/progressbar.gif" alt="ProgressBar">
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					<div data-cid="pf_comment_list_12575">


					<a name="pf_comments_list_12575" data-cid="pf_comments_list_12575"></a>

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						<div class="pf_comments_header_container">
							<h2 class="pf_comments_header">
							Comments&nbsp;(0)
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							<div data-cid="dnn_ctr12565_Comments_pfCommentList_pnlViewAllLink" class="pf_comments_view_all_links">
								<a data-cid="dnn_ctr12565_Comments_pfCommentList_linkViewAll" href="http://www.aapg.org/comments-view-all/queryvalue/41763/pfsid/12565?sort=date">View All</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;
								<a data-cid="dnn_ctr12565_Comments_pfCommentList_linkEditorRecommended" href="http://www.aapg.org/comments-view-all/queryvalue/41763/pfsid/12565?sort=editorrec">Editor recommended</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;
								<a data-cid="dnn_ctr12565_Comments_pfCommentList_linkReaderRecommendations" href="http://www.aapg.org/comments-view-all/queryvalue/41763/pfsid/12565?sort=readerrec">Reader recommended</a>
							</div>
						</div>
-->


					</div>

				</div>
				<!-- Comments List End -->

				<div class="pf_comments_clear"></div>

			</div>

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	</div>
</div>

			<script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.aapg.org/js/custom-js/jquery.rating.js"></script>
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<script>

        function toggleCommentFormCustom() {
            var commentForm = document.getElementById("CommentForm");
            var commentSubmitLink = document.getElementById("pf_submit_a_comment");

            if (commentForm != null && commentSubmitLink != null) {
                if (commentForm.style.display == "none") {
                    $(commentForm).fadeIn("slow");
                    commentSubmitLink.innerHTML = "Hide comment form";
                } else {
                    $(commentForm).fadeOut("slow");
                    commentSubmitLink.innerHTML = "Submit a comment for approval";
                }
                
                //var replyToCommentID = document.getElementById("pf_comment_form_replyToCommentID_" + 1459);
                //var commentFormHeader = document.getElementById("pf_comment_form_header");
            
                //replyToCommentID.value = "";
                //commentFormHeader.innerHTML = 'Submit a comment '; 

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$(document).ready(function(e) {
    
	$(".pf_comment_rating_label span").html("0.0/5.0");
	
	$(".pf_comment_rating_container_custom div.star").on("mouseenter",function(){
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		$(this).removeClass("star-rating-on").addClass("star-rating-hover").prevAll("div.star").addClass("star-rating-hover").siblings().removeClass("star-rating-on");
		$(".pf_comment_rating_label span").html($(this).find("a").attr("title") + "/5.0");
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	$(".pf_comment_rating_container_custom div.star").on("mouseleave",function(){
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	$(".pf_comment_rating_container_custom div.star a").on("click",function(){
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		$(".pf_comment_rating_container_custom input[name='pf_comment_form_rating']").prop("checked",false);
		$(".pf_comment_rating_container_custom input[name='pf_comment_form_rating'][value='" + $(this).attr("title") + "']").prop("checked",true);
		$(".pf_comment_rating_label span").html($(this).attr("title") + "/5.0");
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	$(".pf_comment_rating_container_custom div.rating-cancel a").on("mouseenter",function(){
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		$(this).parent().addClass("star-rating-hover").siblings(".star-rating-on").addClass("star-rating-pause").removeClass("star-rating-on");
		$(".pf_comment_rating_label span").html("0.0/5.0");
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	$(".pf_comment_rating_container_custom div.rating-cancel a").on("mouseleave",function(){
		//$(".pf_comment_rating_container_custom input[name='pf_comment_form_rating']").prop("checked",false);
		$(this).parent().removeClass("star-rating-hover").siblings(".star-rating-pause").addClass("star-rating-on").removeClass("star-rating-pause");
		$(".pf_comment_rating_label span").html($(this).parent().siblings(".star-rating-on").last().find("a").attr("title") + "/5.0");
	});

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		$(this).parent().siblings().removeClass("star-rating-on star-rating-pause");
		$(".pf_comment_rating_label span").html("0.0/5.0");
	});

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		if($('#pfHeadline').val().length > 200) {
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			alert("Your subject is too long! Subject must be under 200 characters.");
		} else if ($('#pfHeadline').val().length < 1) {
			alert("Your subject is empty! Please enter your subject before submitting the form.");
		} else if ($('#pfComment').val().length > 2000) {
			alert("Your comment is too long! Comment text must be under 2000 characters.");
		} else if ($('#pfComment').val().length < 1) {
			alert("Your comment is empty! Please enter your comment before submitting the form.");
		} else {
		
			var page_url = window.location.href;

			var UserID = "";
			var Username = $('span#username').html(); 
			var Displayname = $('span#displayname').html(); 
			var Useremail = $('span#useremail').html(); 
			var Subject = $('#pfHeadline').val(); //document.querySelectorAll('[name="pfHeadline"]')[0].value;
			var Comment = $('#pfComment').val(); //document.querySelectorAll('[name="pfComment"]')[0].value;
			var CommentLength = Comment.length;
			var Rating = "0";
			Rating = $('input[name="pf_comment_form_rating"]:checked').val();
			if (Rating == null) { Rating = "0.0"; }
			var QueryValue = 20657;
			var QueryKey = "ArticleID";

			var request = $.ajax({
			  url: "/DesktopModules/AAPG/PackFlash/PFPostComment.aspx", // + fnQueryString()",
			  method: "POST",
			  data: { 
				url : page_url,
				UserID : UserID,
				Username : Username,
				QueryKey : QueryKey,
				QueryValue : QueryValue,
				DisplayName : Displayname,
				Subject : Subject,
				Comment : Comment,
				  Rating : Rating,
				  CommentLength : CommentLength,
				  Useremail : Useremail
			  }//,
			  //dataType: "html"
			});

			request.done(function( msg ) {
			  $("#CommentForm, .pf_comments_view_link").hide();
			  $("#log").html( "<div class='dnnFormMessage dnnFormSuccess'><p>Your comment is submitted for review. You will be notified when it is approved. <br/>You submitted the following:</p> <p><b>" + msg[6] + "</b> (Rating: " + msg[8] + "/5.0)<br />" + msg[7] + "</p></div>" );
			});

			request.fail(function( jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown ) {
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			  alert( "Request failed: " + errorThrown );
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			request.beforeSend(function() {
			  $("#CommentProgress").show();
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	});
	return false;  

});

$("#login_to_submit_a_comment").attr("onclick",$("#dnn_AAPG_ImisLoginState_AAPG_LoginLink").attr("onclick"));
		
$('.show-more').each(function() {
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			$(this).text('Show more');
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			$(parent_id + ' .show-more-snippet').css({height: minimum_height});
			$(parent_id + ' .show-more-snippet').stop().animate({height: xx}, 400);
			// ^^ The above is beacuse you can't animate css to 100% (or any percentage).  So I change it to 100%, get the value, change it back, then animate it to the value. If you don't want animation, you can ditch all of it and just leave: $('.show-more-snippet').css({height:'100%'});^^ //
			$(this).text('Show less');
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		return false;
	});
});

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function countChar(val) {
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    $('#textarea_feedback').text((text_max - len) + ' characters remaining');
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};

</script></div>


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</div></div>
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        <div class="dnn_layout  ">
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      <div class="dnn_layout">
        <div class="content_mid clearfix">
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              <div id="dnn_TopPaneA" class="TopPaneA"><div class="DnnModule DnnModule-DNN_HTML DnnModule-22378 DnnVersionableControl"><a name="22378"></a><div id="dnn_ctr22378_ContentPane"><!-- Start_Module_22378 --><h2 class="divider">You may also be interested in ...</h2><div id="dnn_ctr22378_ModuleContent" class="DNNModuleContent ModDNNHTMLC">
	<div id="dnn_ctr22378_HtmlModule_lblContent"><!-- Begin module header wrapper code -->
<style>
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        <style>
		.Explorer .aapg-info-popover, .Explorer .aapg-date-location
		, .Sponsored .aapg-info-popover, .Sponsored .aapg-date-location
		{
			display: none;
		}
		</style>
        <div class="row">
<!-- End module header wrapper code -->
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					<div style="position: relative;" class=" PFID-2375 col-sm-3 aapg-floating-box  Explorer Emphasis Article 1plus4 Rotation  ">
				<a class="ContentTypeVisible" href="//explorer.aapg.org/story/articleid/2375/3-d-helped-get-view-of-marcellus-area--" target="_self"> 
				<span class="ContentTypeName vertical"> Emphasis Article</span>
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						<img class="img-responsive"  src="/Portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/e-d-helped-get-view-of-marcellus-area-2011-09sep-hero.jpg?width=480&height=320&mode=crop&anchor=topcenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both" >
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				<div class="text_sytle_1">
				<h3>3-D Helped Get View of Marcellus Area</h3>
				<p>A $3.5 million proprietary 3-D seismic survey was recorded ...</p>
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				<span class="ContentTypeName vertical">Sponsored Content</span>
				<div class="photo_box img_zoom ico_right_enter box_border_padding   ">
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				</div>
				<div class="text_sytle_1">
				<h3>Register Now for APPEX in London</h3>
				<p>An event for the upstream energy industry. With a robust pr...</p>
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				</div>
				</a>  
				</div>
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				<span class="ContentTypeName vertical"> Emphasis Article</span>
				<div class="photo_box img_zoom ico_right_enter box_border_padding   ">
				<div class="pic_box litImage  ">
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